Free sex in Bastar a way of life for Muriyas
- By Kounteya Sinha
Bastar (Chhattisgarh), Oct. 22: It is
a primitive practice that is as modern as it can be. Among the Muriya community
in Bastar, it is compulsory for single men and women over the age of six to be
part of an institution called Ghotul for free sex. The tradition is practiced
to train the youth on how to overcome attachments, jealousies and
possessiveness and to instill the idea of community love.
"Ghotul
is a large hut outside the village where everybody assembles after sunset. The
girls and boys pair up after dancing and singing and have sex for five days.
After this, if a boy wants to marry the girl, he visits her family and pays her
price. If he is unable to do so, he works in her house till the money is
raised. If he does not want to marry her after five days, both of them start
looking for a different mate. No man can sleep with a woman for more than five
days. Meanwhile, if a woman conceives a child, it stays with her. Whoever she
marries becomes the father of the child," says Bastar scholar Shiva Bhujan.
He
added: "A great part of the unity and happiness of the tribe depends on
Ghotul. The songs and dances performed in the evenings are mostly sexually
suggestive and provocative. However, the final decision regarding the pairing
rests with the leader of the boys, Sirdar, and the
leader of the girls, Belosa. In order to impress the
girls, the boys give them gifts like combs. A wooden comb is considered a gift
of love among this community. A good comb collection is a matter of great
prestige and the bigger the collection, the more popular is the woman."
Chattisgarh
tourism board MD A. Jayathilak said the tradition of
Ghotul is extremely popular among tourists and is the reason why crimes
committed due to jealousy have hardly occurred and adultery ever committed.
Villagers revealed that the youth of this tribe date from the age of 10, as a
result of which children learn about love at an early age. As dating is restricted
to Ghotuls, couples who meet outside in the forest or by the river are
punished. Although youngsters enjoy free sex, they practice strict monogamy
during married life. Those who succumb to weaknesses are sometimes punished
even with death. Married people cannot enter Ghotuls. The youngsters strongly
protest any meddling in Ghotul’s affairs by their
elders.
Verrier
Elwin's Kingdom of The Young
by
Ramón Sender Barayón
1987
Born in 1902, the son of a eccentric and impoverished Anglican bishop, Verrier Elwin at twenty-five left behind a budding career
as a clerical don in Oxford to join the Christa Seva Sangha in India, a missionary group that allied itself with
Gandhi's non-violent reform movement. Five years later he parted paths with the
missionaries, unwilling to continue proselytizing the Hindus and having lost
faith in the Christianity of his forebears. Instead he 'went native,' living in
mud-and-thatch huts in impoverished hill villages of the Gonds
and walking barefoot on his journeys. With a few others, he involved himself in
building a small ashram based on a mixture of Franciscan and Gandhian ideals.
Becoming more and more interested in what he called 'philanthropology'
research, he began a series of moves from village to village, opening schools
and dispensaries, treating leprosy and syphilis as well as other ailments. He
married a Gond tribal woman. When they divorced after
some years, he later married a Pardham woman. He
published a series of translations of tribal poetry followed by his first major
works, The Baiga, Folk-Tales of Mahakoshal, and
Myths Of Middle India. He also wrote numerous
monographs as well as two novels. Moving later to Maria tribal territory in
Bastar State with the official status of Honorary Ethnographer, he published a
detailed study of murder and suicide among the villagers.
His most important work in Bastar was his study of the 'ghotul,' the unique
dormitory-club of the boys and girls of the Muria tribe that lived to the north
of the Marias on a large wooded plateau with a good climate.
Quoting from his autobiography 'The Tribal World Of Verrier
Elwin', Oxford University Press, 1964: "The ghotul was the central
focus of Muria life, coming down to modern times from Lingo, the heroic
ancestor of the tribe (and founder of the first ghotul)...
"Similar institutions are widely distributed among communities of the
Austro-Asiatic cultures, but it seems probable that the Muria ghotul was one of
the most highly developed and carefully organized in the world. ; For what was
a village guardroom for the Nagas, a boys' club among
the Uraons, a refuge for temporary sexual association
in Indonesia, was for the Murias the center of social and religious life.
Although the ghotul was an independent, autonomous children's republic, it had
an all-pervading influence on the grown-ups, who could not manage any social
function without its help.
"All the unmarried boys and girls of the tribe had to be members of the
ghotul. This membership was elaborately organized; after a period of probation,
boys and girls were initiated and given special titles which carried with them
graded ranks and social duties. Leaders were appointed to lead and discipline
the society... Boy members were known as 'cheliks,'
and girls as 'motiaris.'..."The cheliks and motiaris had
important duties to perform on all social occasions. The boys acted as acolytes
at festivals, the girls as bridesmaids at weddings. They danced together before
the clan-gods and ... formed a choir at funerals. Their games and dances enlivened
and enriched village life, and redeemed it from that crushing monotony which
was its normal characteristic in other parts of India.
"It was natural that the
ghotul... should foster every kind of art... The boys made and decorated
charming little combs for the girls, and elaborate tobacco-boxes for
themselves; the girls made necklaces, pendants and belts of beads and cowries.
The boys carved the pillars and doors of their ghotul building, which was often
the finest house in the village... And above all they danced.
"But this is common to many
cultures. What gave the ghotul its unique interest was the approved and
recognized relationship between the boys and girls.
"There were two types of
ghotul. In the first, and probably the oldest... the rule was that of fidelity
to a single partner during the whole of the pre-marital period. Each chelik was paired off with a motiari;
he was formally 'married' to her and she took the feminine form of his title as
her own. Divorce was allowed, though 'infidelity' was punished.
"In the second type, any kind of lasting attachment between chelik and motiari was forbidden.
No one could say that such and such a motiari was
'his' girl; his attachment was rationed to three days at a time.
"Although outwardly both
types of ghotul were the same... the cutoms and
atmosphere of the more modern latter type were entirely distinct. Here
everything was arranged to prevent long-drawn intense attachments, to eliminate
jealousy and possessiveness, to deepen the sense of communal property and
action. There was no ghotul marriage, there were no ghotul partners. 'Everyone belonged to everyone else' in the very spirit of Brave
New World. A chelik and motiari
might sleep together for three nights; after that they were warned; if they
persisted they were punished. If a boy showed any sign of possessiveness for a
particular girl, if his face fell when he saw her making love to someone else,
if he got annoyed at her sleeping with another chelik,
should he be offended if she refused to massage him and went to someone else,
he was forcibly reminded by his fellows that she was not his wife...
"This was sometimes called
the 'changing ring' ghotul; because in it you changed from girl to girl just as
you changed your rings from finger to finger.
"...At any time after
supper, the cheliks began to assemble. They came one
by one, carrying their sleeping mats and perhaps their drums. The little boys
brought their daily 'tribute' of wood, 'clocked in' by showing it to the
official responsible... The elder boys gathered round the fire; one took a
half-smoked leaf-pipe from his turban and ignited it..., another played a few
notes on his flute... Then the girls came in with a rush, all together, and
gathered round their own fire. After a while they scattered, some sitting with
the boys, others singing in a corner.
The others occupied the time in
pleasant harmony; sometimes they danced for an hour or two; the smaller
children played rampageous games; sometimes they just sat around the fire and
talked... Often they sang lying down, two by two, chelik
with motiari, or in little groups. A boy told a
story; they asked riddles; they reported on the affairs of the day; there was
sometimes a ghotul trial; they planned an expedition or allotted duties at a
wedding. I shall never forget the sight in some of the larger ghotuls of sixty
or seventy youngsters thus engaged.
"After an hour or two of
dancing, singing, games or storytelling, certainly not much after ten o'clock,
the serious business of the evening began. The little boys went round saluting
their elders, a ritual then repeated by the girls. One of them distributed
finely-powdered tobacco from the ghotul store, to which all the parents
contributed. Then the girls each went to her partner of the day and sat down behind
him. First of all, she shook out and arranged his hair and then combed it. When
this was done, she massaged him, sometimes with oilseed, sometimes rubbing his
back with her comb, and then she cracked his fingers one by one.
By then it was fairly late, and
the boys and girls prepared to sleep. The little boys and girls slept in long
rows, while those who had a partner lay down with them in each other's arms on
their sleeping-mats...
"At least at the time I knew
them, the Murias had a simple, innocent and natural attitude to sex. In the
ghotul this was strengthened by the absence of any sense of guilt and the
general freedom from external interference. The Murias believed that sexual
congress was a good thing; it did you good; it was healthy and beautiful; when
performed by the right people (such as a chelik and motiari who were not taboo to one another), at the right
time (outside the menstrual period and avoiding forbidden days), and in the
right place (within the ghotul walls where no 'sin' could be committed), it was
the happiest and best thing in life.
"This belief in sex as
something good and normal gave the Murias a light touch. Their saying that the
young lovers were 'hassi ki
nat,' in a 'joking relationship' to each other,
expressed their attitude exactly. Sex was great fun; it was the best if ghotul
games; it was the dance of enraptured bodies... It ought not to be too intense;
it must not be degraded by possessiveness or defiled by jealousy...
"All this was, of course,
very shocking to the conventionally-minded. Yet there was much to be said on
the Murias' side. In the first place, the cheliks and
motiaris were wonderfully happy. Their life was full,
interesting, exciting, useful. The ghotul was, as they
often said, 'a little school.' The cheliks were 'like
Boy Scouts,' as I was told in a village which had a troop in the local school.
There was no comparison between these children and the sad-eyed, dirty
ragamuffins in villages at a similar cultural level elsewhere. In the ghotul,
the children were taught lessons of cleanliness, discipline and hard work that
remained with them throughout their lives. They were taught to take pride in
their appearance, to respect themselves and their elders; above all, they were
taught the spirit of service. These boys and girls worked very hard for the
public good. They were immediately available for the service of State officials
or for labor on the roads. They had to be ready to work at a wedding or
funeral. (In contrast) in most tribal villages of the Central Provinces, the
children were slack, dirty, undisciplined and with no sense of public spirit.
The Murias were very different.
"With all this, the
missionary or social reformer would be in agreement. 'But,'
they would say, 'that is not the point. Our complaint is that these boys and
girls sleep together.' It was at least one point in their favor that this
sleeping together did not seem to do them a great deal of harm. There were no
signs of corruption or excess; these bright-eyed, merry-faced boys and girls did
not give you the impression of being the victims of debasing lust...
(Elwin then argues that ordinary
villages experienced more sexual excess among the children than existed in the
ghotuls.)
"Another interesting and
curious point is that there were few people with a stronger sense of domestic
morality and conjugal fidelity than the Muria. Adultery was very rare, and was
visited with supernatural punishment when it did occur. You could not find
happier and more united families. One of the reasons for this was that the
ghotul system discouraged the custom of child-marriage which was then rapidly
spreading though tribal India...
"Now one of the drawbacks of
semi-tribal India is domestic infidelity. Divorce is universal, elopement
common, adultery an everyday affair. The ghotul villages have a much higher
standard in this respect. The incidence of divorce in Bastar was under 3
percent. An examination of 50 marriages in Patangarh
(another state) showed 23 divorces or 46 percent.
"We may also consider how the
ghotul boys and girls were almost completely free from those furtive and
unpleasant vices that so mar our modern civilization. There was hardly any
masturbation; where it was practiced, it was due to the mistaken efforts of
reformers to improve the ghotul. Prostitution was unknown, unthinkable. No motiari would give her body for money.
"The village dormitory is a
symptom of a certain stage of cultural development. We ourselves consider that
we have outgrown it; we may grow into it again. In the days when I shared the
free and happy life of the Murias, I used sometimes to wonder whether I was a
hundred years behind the times or a hundred years ahead. I do not suggest we
replace our Public Schools by ghotuls and turn our own children into cheliks and motiaris, but I do
suggest that there are elements in ghotul life and teaching which we should do
well to ponder, and that an infection of the Muria spirit would do few of us
any harm.
"The message of the ghotul
-- that youth must be served, that freedom and happiness are more to be
treasured than any material gain, that friendliness and sympathy, hospitality
and unity are of the first importance, and above all that human love - and its
physical expression - is beautiful, clean and precious, is typically Indian."
Elwin published his study of the
Muria as a 750-page book entitled 'The Muria And Their
Ghotul,' later translated in a abridged edition into French and Italian. In
1968, an abridged English edition was published by Oxford University Press
under the title 'The Kingdom Of The Young. He became a citizen of India
in 1954, and died in 1964, a few months after finishing his autobiography.
Altogether, he was another of those erudite, charming -- and somewhat unusual
types that England seems to produce.
A few Hill Maria practiced the ghotul in a similar manner as the Muria tribes. The description which follows describes the Hill Maria customs as were found by W.V. Grigson in two villages during the early 1930’s. The main difference appeared to have been that the girls of the Hill Maria went home to their parents each evening, while the girls of the Ghotul Muria slept with the boys in boy/girl dormitories.
In the Hill Maria villages, girls
assembled every evening by the boys’ dormitory to join in song, dance and
games, including sexual games. The girls had gotul
names and responsibilities just as the boys did, and the elder boys and girls
were charged with teaching the young the elements of tribal culture.
Hill Maria girls associated with
boys at an early age. Children were expected to attend the dormitories
beginning at the age of eleven or twelve. All boys assembled at the dormitory
in the evening for dancing, games and social or sexual training, sleeping on
there after the departure of the girls to their homes late in the night. Every
girl attended the boy’s dormitory every night and had her boy friend to serve.
Each girl paired off with a boy of a clan that was eligible for marriage. The
girls combed their boys’ hair and massaged their arms and legs, danced with
them, were initiated into the mysteries of sex with them. According to numerous
informants, they often had sexual intercourse together and were expected to
ultimately marry their mate. Marriage frequently followed these dormitory
unions, but by no means always.
Pre-puberty marriage rarely occurred amongst the Hill Maria who looked upon it as an abhorrent custom of the Hindus. In the 1920’s some of the Bison-born Maria (3 of 100) were practicing child marriage, but this was thought to be a recently imported custom. No value was set on pre-marital chastity and it is doubtful whether any girl preserved her virginity until marriage.
|
If the youth and the girl liked
each other they would have been free to have sexual intercourse several times
to see if they fit together before performing a marriage ceremony. If
pre-marital intercourse resulted in pregnancy no formal ceremony was needed or
allowed. The girl simply named the man responsible and went to live in his
house without any further ado, the union being described as ottur.
Hill Maria parents didn’t try and
interfere with their children’s choice of husband or wife. The free choice of a
youth and a girl was of utmost importance in choosing marriage partners. When a
youth and a girl knew their minds, each told his or her parents. The parents
went with the elders of their village without the youth to the girl’s house and
left about five bottles of mahua spirit inside the
door of the girl’s house. The parents and elders sat outside the girl’s
parents’ house. When the parents arrived they told them that the liquor had
been brought on the girl’s account and asked if she is willing to go and live
with the youth. If the girl agreed, the parties at once drank the liquor and
the parents prepared a dinner for the visiting party. If the girl refused, the
parents of the youth took the liquor back home with them. The ceremony was
called talq-da’ina or ‘going to ask’.
After the ceremony, A year or so passed in which the betrothed did not meet each
other. The girl felt shame to look upon her newly betrothed. During this time,
the bride-price was prepared. In one example the bride price consisted of
a rupee’s worth of new cloth for the bride’s mother, a gelded pig, four pounds
of salt, four pounds of ground roselle flowers, one
or two pounds of red chilies, two or three pieces of turmeric, as well as
baskets of grain, bottles of mahua spirit, and 5-40
rupees of cash. The pig, grain and liquor are eaten and drunk at the wedding.
The cash was voided in a cross-cousin marriage.
It was also common for a
bridegroom who couldn’t afford the bride price to serve as a servant to the
girl’s father for a period of three to seven years. During the first part of
this time the bridegroom was expected to not have sexual intercourse with his
bride. Provided the girl agreed, and she nearly always did, the couple
generally did begin sexual relationships after a period of about a year. If she
became pregnant during the time of absistence, the parents
were fined a pig, which was eaten by their clansmen. Afterwards, the girl was
considered the boy’s wife.
Cross-cousin marriages were very
common, especially between a daughter and her mother’s brother’s son. The
family, which has given a daughter to another family in one generation thus,
was repaid by getting a daughter back as a wife for a son of the next
generation. If a cross-cousin marriage had been arranged in this sort of
reciprocal agreement, occasionally a father would assert his right to a girl
before his son or the girl had reached puberty. He expected to arrange the
wedding in the near future, especially if there were rumors that the girl was
to be given to someone else. In such cases the girl’s father almost always
refused to give the girl until at least both the boy and the girl are mature.
Upon maturity the girl’s father gladly agreed to give his daughter in marriage
to her cross cousin.
Women were very free to change
their attachments, or if unattached, to go to the house of the man of their
choice and live with him as wife even if he was already married. Many men had
two or three wives, and there was little social difference between them. The
beating or ill treatment of wives was strongly condemned by all Marias.
For the Santal living
mostly in Bihar and Orissa, reasonably good descriptions of premarital sex were
recorded in the 1930s and 1940s, which report of a permissive attitude towards
premarital sex (Biswas, 1956[i][1]; Mukherjea, 1962)[ii][2]. Mukherjea (1962:p392-401) states that Santal children, in consequence
of a marriage game “play at coitus”. “One Santal
narrated to us, “I have seen that during the children’s game called Uku Uku, they
play at hide and seek and hunt out others from the bushes. During all these,
children throw themselves on one another. They embrace in a childish attempt to
get out and this physical contact results in sex-encounters with consequent
childish coitus. Old Sandals told us that attempts at coitus indulged in by
mere children are very common”. The author cites further examples of games
resulting in open displays of “childish coitus”. “We gathered that
sex-encounters of children are very common in field were they tend cows or
buffaloes, and the minimum age for such children was given as four to five”.
Nevertheless, “As regards the age in which boys and girls receive their first
sexual experience, the opinion of the Santals
questioned on the point varied. Some put it at 14-15 years with boys who attain
puberty, while for girls they gave the age at 12-13 “when the breasts ripen”,
as they put it. Others put it at 16-17 with males and 13-14 with females. Two
educated Santals questioned at different places
stated that boys and girls receive their first experience at 10-12 and 9-10
years respectively”. This is supported by communications to Archer, which
indicated that boys “start when they are ten or twelve, girls when they are
eight or nine” (1974:p55).
Archer (1974:p56)[iii][4] also observed Santal
children in their intimacies:
“The scene of a first [sexual] encounter is often the forest. While they
are grazing the cattle, boys and girls play “Houses”. They appoint village
officials. “You are the manjhi. She is manjhi budhi”. They make little
hearths and pretend to cook rice. “It is then that they are yoked. Later, after
dark, the boy and girl come together”. “Sometimes a boy and girl play together.
The boy goes on all fours. The girl rides on him. Suddenly he turns on his back
and holds her. A girl pulls her away. He seizes her legs. If the girl likes it,
the boy does it”.
“A
common game which is sometimes a prelude to encounters is played in the
evening. This is oko oko or
“Hide and Seek”. A boy covers his eyes with his hands. All the boys and girls
run away. A girl is waiting for him. He rushes to her and while the others are
hiding they hurry down the village street. These encounters do not necessarily
end in passionate friendships. They are petty, childish introductions to the
act of sex and it is not in fact until the ménarche
that Santal girls begin to long at all avidly for
“the play of boys”. “It is when the flower has blossomed that desire seizes
her”.
Archer (1974:p78; 1984:p515)[iv][6] adds the
following:
“Among the Pardhans, Shamrao
Hivale states, “Before marriage both boys and girls
live lives of almost complete freedom. Even little children of four or five
years indulge in erotic play together and most boys and girls have had their
first experiences long before puberty. Elder people are amused and tolerant of
the sexual adventures of their children. They appear to object to any attempt
to correct them. They take the line that such adventures did them little harm
and that in any case youth is a time for freedom and experiment. […]”.
“There is, however, no conscious organisation of their sexual life.
Unlike Uraons, Hos and Mundas who from an early age segregate their boys and girls
and bed them down at night in separate houses, Santals
keep their children in their families. Until they are six or seven years old,
they sleep near their parents. After that, they are put in separate rooms. If
their parents sleep on the walled verandah, their
sons and daughters go inside. If a boy lies on the verandah,
his parents shift to the courtyard or occupy an inner room. It is when the
children are asleep and then in the darkness of the house that their parents
cohabit and it is only by accident that a child surprises them together”
(Archer, p55).
“Flower friendships” between boys or between
girls are “strictly nonsexual” (p86-7). Children acquire sexual knowledge early
by hearing conversations of their elders and observing parent coitus and coitus
of others (Verma, 1970)[v][7]. They
tend to attempt coitus at an early age and some of their games involve sexual
encounter. First actual cohabitation tends to occur around puberty. Pre-marital
sex is well tolerated.
Frequently entering ethnosensitive discussions on erotic coming-of-age[iii][1], the
Ghotul institution of the Muria was studied by Elwin[iii][2], and
later by Gell (1992)[iii][3]. The
alleged positive aspects of the institution were never established[iii][4].
Elwin (1968:p127-8):
“From
their earliest days in the ghotul the little chlik
and motiari play together until gradually,
imperceptibly the vaginal entrance is enlarged and the hymen disappears without
a tear. “We used to behave’, said an elderly man, “exactly like little bulls
and cows, sporting together till the bull could penetrate”. “When you sleep
with a girl night after night”, said a chelik,
“however small you may be, as long as flesh becomes wood, you try to beat her
with it. […]”.
“The adults
supervise and encourage all the sexual activities that take place in the
dormitories. Although at times children as little as two years of age are taken
to sleep in the dormitories, they are usually not required to be part of the
sex activities until 5 or 6, since if they are made to have sex at 3 or 4 they
often “wet their beds [and] wake up crying” (Elwin, 1947:p358).
Elwin
(1947:p419-58) gives a detailed analysis of the sexual mores of the ghotul.
Quoting some of the Murian attitudes to prepubescent
coitus: “Real happiness only comes when you are both mature. Of course the kids
do it, but without the falling of water there’s little pleasure. It is like
eating a raw fruit. There is no sweetness in it. It is like rice without salt”
[…]. To try to have a girl before she is mature is as hard as for a pig to dig
up roots. Sometimes he manages it; it gets the root up and enjoys it. But it
prefers its ordinary foods”.
The Muria dormitories are called a “happy, exciting world” in contrast, says Elwin (1964:p167)[iii][5], to other Indian villages where there was more child rape than in dormitory villages. An initiation ceremony includes penile insertion in a lubricated split twig.
Elwin
(1939:p230-2)[iii][1] noted
that, apart from playing Houses (with
coital implications), Baiga children,
who are believed to be born with “a complete equipment of phallic knowledge”,
improvise games such as “Cow and Bull, Horse and Mare, Cock and Hen, Pig and
Sow, and play them with a wealth of realistic detail which reveals considerable
physiological knowledge”; all this, of course, in the privacy of the jungle.
“[Children’s] sexual consciousness is developed very early. […] Even when
[parents] see their children indulging in erotic play, they simply laugh
tolerantly. “Sometimes we say, “Why do it now? Wait a
little”. But the children grow excited, so what should they do?”.
Gorer (1967)[iii][1] gives a
detailed account of Lepcha childhood sexuality[iii][2]. The Lepcha ignore puberty and have no word for it (p315).
Female sexual maturing is attributed to copulation, or, in the rare case of a
virgin menarche, to the visit of a supernatural Kandoo
moong, a
sign of good luck. “The majority of women, however, depend on the intervention
of a man; the physical signs will start whenever a girl experiences copulation,
and there is therefore no stigma attached to grown men forcing little girls of
nine or ten, and this occurs occasionally”. A child should know who be his num-neu-zong, that is,
those people with whom all sexual contact is prohibited, by the time he is nine
or ten (p153). There is “no formally marked beginning of sexual life […]. Some
men make a distinction between pre-puberty and post-puberty sexual activity,
but this distinction is personal and not cultural. Most men, when talking of
their past lives, emphasise what was their first “real” sexual experience; but
some place this first experience very early, at the age of eleven or twelve. I
think the operative distinction in the mind of the Lepcha
is whether the sexual adventure formed part of a play, or was undertaken
seriously for its own sake” (p316). Children’s play of
marriage “always end in simulated copulation; if the “bride” is another boy,
the children tie their penises together. From about the age of ten
children at marriage feasts and similar gatherings are likely sort themselves
into pairs and attempt copulation; there is also a certain amount of mutual
masturbation among boys. […] Adult Lepchas consider
such sex-play extremely funny, though very childish; far from being
disapproving of the children, they are more likely to egg them on” (p310). In
the name of legalised adultery, boys have their first “real” experience and
training with an older married woman, usually an older brother’s wife (p161,
326). Betrothal and marriage start at age 8 (girls) and 12 (boys); at the time
of writing, most girls were betrothed before, or at, pubescence.